Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline organic frameworks consisting of a network structure made of covalent bonds.1,2) COFs are classified as porous crystalline materials similar to metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)/porous coordination polymers (PCPs) and zeolites. They include 2D COFs, which are constructed by stacking layers of 2D covalently bonded sheets, and 3D COFs, which are constructed by 3D connected frameworks. COFs are expected to be used as molecular storage or separation materials, catalysts, electronic materials, energy storage materials, battery materials, and drug delivery materials, due to their porosity, crystallinity, and structural diversity. COFs are designed and synthesized by combining monomers, also called linkers, according to intended topology. TCI has more than 70 linkers in stock, and we are constantly adding new items to our catalog. Common linkers are shown below by functional groups.

  Aldehyde Linkers   

A type of COFs based on imine linkage, synthesized by condensation of aldehydes and amines, was first reported in 2009,3) and imine-based COFs have become the most widely reported COFs. One of the advantage of imine based COFs is their higher chemical stability compared to boroxines and boronate esters. In addition, a number of researchers have reported post-synthetic modification or functionalization of imine based COFs, e.g., COFs for CO2 capture were synthesized by post-synthetic modification and functionalization of imine-based structures.4) In 2012, β-ketoenamine-type COFs synthesized by using 2,4,6-triformylphloroglucinol (TPG, TFP) as an aldehyde linker were reported,5) and have recently attracted much attention because of their stability towards acids and bases.

* 해당 구조식 클릭 시 제품 상세페이지로 이동됩니다.

  Products   

T0010     Terephthalaldehyde (= PDA)B28544,4'-Biphenyldicarboxaldehyde

B6576     [2,2'-Bipyridine]-5,5'-dicarbaldehyde

D5510     2,5-Dihydroxyterephthalaldehyde

D6056     2,5-Dimethoxyterephthalaldehyde

T4088     2,3,5,6-Tetrafluoroterephthalaldehyde

T3688     2,4,6-Triformylphloroglucinol (= TFP, TPG)

D6046     2,4,6-TriformylresorcinolB60031,3,5-Triformylbenzene

F1252     1,3,5-Tris(4-formylphenyl)benzene

T4077     2,4,6-Tris(4-formylphenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine

> Find More Aldehyde Linkers

  Carboxylic Anhydride Linkers   

Imide-linked COFs obtained by condensation of carboxylic anhydrides and amines have also been reported7) and are expected to be applied to battery materials8) and CO2 capture materials.9)

* 해당 구조식 클릭 시 제품 상세페이지로 이동됩니다.

  Products   

B0040    Pyromellitic Dianhydride

P2103    Pyromellitic Dianhydride (purified by sublimation)

N1128    2,3,6,7-Naphthalenetetracarboxylic 2,3:6,7-Dianhydride

N0369    Naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic Dianhydride

N0755    Naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic Dianhydride (purified by sublimation)

N1247    1,2,5,6-Naphthalenetetracarboxylic Dianhydride

P0972    3,4,9,10-Perylenetetracarboxylic Dianhydride

P2102    3,4,9,10-Perylenetetracarboxylic Dianhydride (purified by sublimation)

M3617    Mellitic Trianhydride

>Find More Carboxylic Anhydride Linkers

 Boronic Acid Linkers  

 

  Products   

H0907    2,3,6,7,10,11-Hexahydroxytriphenylene (= HHTP)

B6577    1,1'-([1,1'-Biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)diurea

T0758    Terephthalic Dihydrazide

H0172    Hydrazine Monohydrate

H0697    Hydrazine Anhydrous

T4080    1,2,3-Triaminoguanidinium Chloride

D1399   Squaric AcidC04602,4,6-Trichloro-1,3,5-triazine

T4145    2,5,8-Trichloro-1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaazaphenalene

X0061    1,4-Phenylenediacetonitrile

T0016    Terephthalonitrile

>Find More Other Linkers

  Related Products   

The following is a list of common reagents that are used as modulators to increase the crystallinity of the resulting COFs and as catalysts for the synthesis of COFs.

Modulators

A0463     Aniline

T0300     p-Toluidine

B2379     Benzaldehyde

B0857     Phenylboronic Acid

B0739     4-tert-Butylpyrocatechol

Catalysts

A2035     Acetic Acid

T1663     Scandium(III) Triflate

  Examples of COFs Synthesis   

Synthesis of COF-300 3)

Synthesis of TpPa-1 5)

Synthesis of COF-1 10)

Synthesis of RC-COF-3 14)

* 해당 구조식 클릭 시 제품 상세페이지로 이동됩니다.

  Related Product Category Pages   
>Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) Linkers

  Product Brochures     * PDF Download 클릭 시 PDF 파일 다운로드 가능합니다.

Covalent Organic Framework (COF) Linkers(PDF Download)

Aldehyde Linkers for β-Ketoenamine Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) (PDF Download)

Raw Material for Polyimides and COFs Mellitic Trianhydride  (PDF Download)

  References    

1) Covalent Organic Frameworks: Organic Chemistry Extended into Two and Three Dimensions

S. J. Lyle, P. J. Waller, O. M. Yaghi, Trends Sci. 2019, 1, 172.

2) Covalent Organic Frameworks: Structures, Synthesis, and Applications

M. S. Lohse, T. Bein, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2018, 28, 1705553.

3) A Crystalline Imine-Linked 3-D Porous Covalent Organic Framework

F. J. Uribe-Romo, J. R. Hunt, H. Furukawa, C. Klöck, M. O’Keeffe, O. M. Yaghi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 4570.

4) Covalent Organic Frameworks for Carbon Dioxide Capture from Air

H. Lyu, H. Li, N. Hanikel, K. Wang, O. M. Yaghi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144, 12989.

5) Construction of Crystalline 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks with Remarkable Chemical (Acid/Base) Stability via a Combined Reversible and Irreversible Route

S. Kandambeth, A. Mallick, B. Lukose, M. V. Mane, T. Heine, R. Banerjee, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 19524.

6) A Squaraine-Linked Mesoporous Covalent Organic Framework

A. Nagai, X. Chen, X. Feng, X. Ding, Z. Guo, D. Jiang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 3770.

7) Designed synthesis of large-pore crystalline polyimide covalent organic frameworks

Q. Fang, Z. Zhuang, S. Gu, R. B. Kaspar, J. Zheng, J. Wang, S. Qiu, Y. Yan, Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 4503.

8) Covalent Organic Framework with Highly Accessible Carbonyls and π-Cation Effect for Advanced Potassium-Ion Batteries

X.-X. Luo, W.-H. Li, H.-J. Liang, H.-X. Zhang, K.-D. Du, X.-T. Wang, X.-F. Liu, J.-P. Zhang, X.-L. Wu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202117661.

9) Synthesis, characterization, and CO2 uptake of mellitic triimide-based covalent organic frameworks

H. Veldhuizen, A. Vasileiadis, M. Wagemaker, T. Mahon, D. P. Mainali, L. Zong, S. van der Zwaag, A. Nagai, J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 2373.

10) Porous, Crystalline, Covalent Organic Frameworks

A. P. Côté, A. I. Benin, N. W. Ockwig, A. J. Matzger, M. O’Keeffe, O. M. Yaghi, Science 2005, 310, 1166.

11) Crystalline Covalent Organic Frameworks with Hydrazone Linkages

F. J. Uribe-Romo, C. J. Doonan, H. Furukawa, K. Oisaki, O. M. Yaghi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 11478.

12) Mechanosynthesis of imine, β-ketoenamine, and hydrogen-bonded imine-linked covalent organic frameworks using liquid-assisted grinding

G. Das, D. B. Shinde, S. Kandambeth, B. P. Biswala, R. Banerjee, Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 12615.

13) Cationic Covalent Organic Framework Nanosheets for Fast Li-Ion Conduction

H. Chen, H. Tu, C. Hu, Y. Liu, D. Dong, Y. Sun, Y. Dai, S. Wang, H. Qian, Z. Lin, L. Chen, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 896.

14) Reconstructed covalent organic frameworks

W. Zhang, L. Chen, S. Dai, C. Zhao, C. Ma, L. Wei, M. Zhu, S. Y. Chong, H. Yang, L. Liu, Y. Bai, M. Yu, Y. Xu, X.-W. Zhu, Q. Zhu, S. An, R. S. Sprick, M. A. Little, X. Wu, S. Jiang, Y. Wu, Y.-B. Zhang, H. Tian, W.-H. Zhu, A. I. Cooper, Nature 2022, 604, 72.