The PACz series was developed by Getautis and Albrecht et al. as a hole-selective layer suitable for p-i-n ("inverted") architecture perovskite solar cells.1) Hole-selective self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) can be formed on transparent electrodes such as ITO owing to phosphonic acid anchors of PACzs that form covalent bonds on the metal oxide surface. Both spin-coating and dip-coating methods are effective for fabricating PACz SAMs. PACz SAMs have been reported to achieve effective hole extraction and small density of trap states, and thus achieve higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability compared to cells using PTAA (= poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trime-thylphenyl)amine]), which is commonly used in p-i-n type cells. PACzs have also formed SAMs on a compound semiconductor, CIGSe, indicating compatibility with tandem cells. Furthermore, studies have shown that PACzs contribute to improved PCE and stability in organic photovoltaics,2,3) and can be applied as an electron selective layer on a crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cell.4)
C3663 2PACz
D5798 MeO-2PACz
M3477 Me-2PACz
B6391 Br-2PACz
C3914 Cl-2PACz
P2995 4PACz
M3549 MeO-4PACz
M3359 Me-4PACz
B6445 Br-2PACz
The 2PACz and 4PACz series are covered by a joint patent pending (PCT/EP2019/060586) of Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Germany and Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania. TCI has been granted the right to manufacture and sell these materials.
P3172 3PATAT-C3
3PATAT-C3 is commercialized under the instruction of Professor Atsushi Wakamiya, and under an invention license by EneCoat Technologies Co., Ltd.
Materials Processing of PACz series
Method 1: Dip coating
suitable for large-area coating and textured substrates
Method 2: Spin coating
suitable for fast research and optimization
*The minimum needed dipping time can vary from minutes to hours. After some further testing with 2PACz, researchers found more reproducible results with rather 0.5 mmol/L and 5 minutes dipping. Note that optimal concentration and dipping time may vary depending on the used substrate oxide and pre-treatment.
· The SAM forming agents can be processed within wide processing windows with higher reproducibility than current standard hole transport materials (like PTAA). The substrates (e.g. ITO) have to be clean and activated by, for example, UV-Ozone treatment.
· The SAM forming agent powders were usually dissolved in ethanol or isopropanol (1 mmol/L ≈ 0.3 mg/mL), MeO-2PACz powder was stored in air, while 2PACz and Me-4PACz were stored in a N2-filled glovebox.
References
1) Conformal monolayer contacts with lossless interfaces for perovskite single junction and monolithic tandem solar cells
A. Al-Ashouri, A. Magomedov, V. Getautis, S. Albrecht, et al., Energy Environ. Sci. 2019, 12, 3356.
2) 18.4% Organic Solar Cells Using a High Ionization Energy Self-Assembled Monolayer as Hole-Extraction Interlayer
Y. Lin, A. Magomedov, Y. Firdaus, D. Kaltsas, A. El-Labban, H. Faber, D. R. Naphade, E. Yengel, X. Zheng, E. Yarali, N. Chaturvedi, K. Loganathan, D. Gkeka, S. H. AlShammari, O. M. Bakr, F. Laquai, L. Tsetseris, V. Getautis, T. D. Anthopoulos, ChemSusChem 2021, 14, 2003460.
3) 18.9% Efficient Organic Solar Cells Based on n-Doped Bulk-Heterojunction and Halogen-Substituted Self-Assembled Monolayers as Hole Extracting Interlayers
Y. Lin, Y. Zhang, J. Zhang, M. Marcinskas, T. Malinauskas, A. Magomedov, M. I. Nugraha, D. Kaltsas, D. R. Naphade, G. T. Harrison, A. El-Labban, S. Barlow, S. De Wolf, E. Wang, I. McCulloch, L. Tsetseris, V. Getautis, S. R. Marder, T. D. Anthopoulos, Adv. Energy Mater. 2022, 12, 2202503.
4) Efficient Silicon Solar Cells through Organic Self-Assembled Monolayers as Electron Selective Contacts
A. Prasetio, R. R. Pradhan, P. Dally, M. Ghadiyali, R. Azmi, U. Schwingenschlögl, T. G. Allen, S. De Wolf, Adv. Energy Mater. 2024, 14, 2303705.
5) Tripodal Triazatruxene Derivative as a Face-On Oriented Hole-Collecting Monolayer for Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
M. A. Truong, T. Funasaki, L. Ueberricke, W. Nojo, R. Murdey, T. Yamada, S. Hu, A. Akatsuka, N. Sekiguchi, S. Hira, L. Xie, T. Nakamura, N. Shioya, D. Kan, Y. Tsuji, S. Iikubo, H. Yoshida, Y. Shimakawa, T. Hasegawa, Y. Kanemitsu, T. Suzuki, A. Wakamiya, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023, 145, 7528.
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